Parsley, Apigenin

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S4 E11 – Parsley, Apigenin & Cancer
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The Moss Report Podcast
Beyond Garnish, Unearthing Parsley’s Power

Description
Dr. Ralph W. Moss and son Ben discuss the healing and preventive properties of the readily available, inexpensive and delicious, humble little parsley plant.

Join us for another fascinating journey as we dive ‘Beyond the Garnish’ into the remarkable world of parsley and its component, Apigenin. This humble herb, often relegated to the sidelines of our plates, holds an impressive secret – the potential to significantly impact the fight against cancer.

Program Notes:
The full scope of research on apigenin and cancer: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=apigenin+cancer

The Indian review article: Apigenin in cancer prevention and therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of animal models https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35752426/

The German clinical trial: Prospective cohort comparison of flavonoid treatment in patients with resected colorectal cancer to prevent recurrence https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2703843/

Recommended parsley intake:
Approximately 0.79 tablespoons or 2.37 teaspoons of chopped fresh parsley would provide 10 mg of apigenin. TAKE about one tablespoon OR THE EQUIVALENT AMT. OF DRIED PARSLEY (SEE BELOW) TWICE PER DAY.

For 0.69 grams of dried parsley flakes: 0.69 grams / 0.8 grams per teaspoon ≈ 0.86 teaspoons So, approximately one teaspoon 0.86 teaspoons of dried parsley flakes would provide 10 mg of apigenin. OR TAKE THIS TWICE PER DAY.

NOTE: PATIENTS IN THE GERMAN STUDY ALSO RECEIVED EGCG (GREEN TEA) AT THE SAME TIME.

Based on the average amount of EGCG in one gram of Japanese Sencha green tea leaves (47.3 milligrams), and assuming that you’re using one teaspoon (about 2.5 grams) of tea leaves to brew 6 ounces of tea, you can expect to get around 118.25 milligrams of EGCG in your cup of tea.

A short bibliography on apigenin and cancer:

Shukla S, Gupta S. Apigenin: a promising molecule for cancer prevention. Pharm Res. 2010;27(6):962-978.
Salehi B, Venditti A, Sharifi-Rad M, et al. The therapeutic potential of apigenin. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(6):1305.
Chen AY, Chen YC. A review of the dietary flavonoid, apigenin, on cancer prevention and treatment. Curr Med Chem. 2013;20(19):2570-2581.
Fang J, Xia C, Cao Z, Zheng JZ, Reed E, Jiang BH. Apigenin inhibits VEGF and HIF-1 expression via PI3K/AKT/p70S6K1 and HDM2/p53 pathways. FASEB J. 2005;19(3):342-353.
Hanahan D, Weinberg RA. Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation. Cell. 2011;144(5):646-674.
Kim BR, Seo HS, Ku JM, et al. Apigenin inhibits cancer stem cell-like phenotypes in human glioblastoma cells via suppression of c-Met signaling. Phytother Res. 2016;30(5): 800-807.
Lu L, Sun T, Chen X, et al. Apigenin inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition of human colon cancer cells through the AKT/GSK-3β/Snail signaling pathway. Oncol Rep. 2016;35(1):369-374.
Lu Z, Xu S, ER P, et al. Apigenin inhibits the self-renewal capacity of human ovarian cancer SKOV3-derived sphere-forming cells. Mol Med Rep. 2015;11(4): 2850-2856.
Wang J, Wu J, Zhang X, et al. Apigenin suppresses the growth of colorectal cancer cells by targeting Twist-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Mol Med Rep. 2018;17(5): 7305-7310.
Yao J, Zhao L, Zhao Q, et al. Apigenin inhibits ovarian cancer stem cell-like properties through the modulation of the Twist1/TGF-β1/Smad3 pathway. Oncol Rep. 2016;36(1): 512-520.
For Dr. Moss’ Red, Green, and Green Tea Smoothie recipes, visit The Moss Report. These smoothie recipes are just some examples of how you can incorporate natural compounds with potential health benefits into your diet.

Red Smoothie Recipe
Ingredients:

1 cup mixed berries (such as strawberries, raspberries, and blueberries) – contains anthocyanins, which are flavonoids with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties
1/2 cup pomegranate juice – contains punicalagins, which are polyphenols with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties
1/2 cup plain Greek yogurt – contains conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), a type of fatty acid that may have anti-cancer properties
1/2 cup almond milk – contains vitamin E, a powerful antioxidant that may help prevent cancer
1 tablespoon honey – a natural sweetener that may have antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties
1/2 teaspoon ground cinnamon – contains cinnamaldehyde, a compound with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties
1/2 teaspoon ground ginger – contains gingerols, which are compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties
1 scoop soy protein powder – contains isoflavones, which are phytoestrogens that may have anti-cancer properties
1 tablespoon flaxseed oil – contains lignans, which are phytoestrogens that may have anti-cancer properties
1 tablespoon resveratrol supplement (powder or liquid) – a polyphenol with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, found in grapes and red wine
Directions:

Add all ingredients to a blender and blend until smooth.
Adjust the sweetness and consistency to your liking by adding more honey or almond milk as needed.
Pour into a glass and enjoy.
Green Smoothie Recipe
Ingredients:
1 cup baby spinach – contains chlorophyll, which may have anti-cancer properties
1/2 cup chopped kale – contains sulforaphane, which is a phytochemical that may have anti-cancer properties
1/2 cup frozen pineapple chunks – contains bromelain, an enzyme that may have anti-inflammatory properties
1/2 cup chopped cucumber – contains cucurbitacins, which are phytochemicals that may have anti-cancer properties
1/2 cup unsweetened coconut water – contains electrolytes and may help with hydration
1/2 cup plain Greek yogurt – contains conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), a type of fatty acid that may have anti-cancer properties
1 tablespoon fresh lemon juice – contains vitamin C, a powerful antioxidant that may help prevent cancer
1 teaspoon grated fresh ginger – contains gingerols, which are compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties
1 teaspoon grated fresh turmeric – contains curcumin, a polyphenol with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that may have anti-cancer properties
1 scoop whey protein powder – contains cysteine, an amino acid that may help with antioxidant and detoxification processes
1 tablespoon flaxseed oil – contains lignans, which are phytoestrogens that may have anti-cancer properties
1 teaspoon sulforaphane supplement (powder or liquid) – a phytochemical found in cruciferous vegetables, such as broccoli and kale, that may have anti-cancer properties
Directions:

Add all ingredients to a blender and blend until smooth.
Adjust the sweetness and consistency to your liking by adding more pineapple or coconut water as needed.
Pour into a glass and enjoy.
Matcha Green Tea Smoothie Recipe
Ingredients:
1/2 cup unsweetened almond milk – contains vitamin E
1/2 cup plain Greek yogurt – contains conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), a type of fatty acid that may have anti-cancer properties
1/2 frozen banana – contains resistant starch, a type of fiber that may promote gut health
1/2 cup frozen mango chunks – contains carotenoids, which are pigments with antioxidant properties
1 tablespoon honey – a natural sweetener that may have antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties
1 teaspoon matcha green tea powder – contains EGCG, a polyphenol with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that may have anti-cancer properties
1 scoop pea protein powder – contains amino acids that may help with muscle growth and recovery
1 tablespoon chia seeds – contains omega-3 fatty acids and fiber that may help with heart health and digestion
1 tablespoon flaxseed oil – contains lignans, which are phytoestrogens that may have anti-cancer properties
1 teaspoon EGCG supplement (powder or liquid) – a polyphenol with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, found in green tea
Directions:

Add all ingredients to a blender and blend until smooth.
Adjust the sweetness and consistency to your liking by adding more honey or almond milk as needed.
Pour into a glass and enjoy.
These smoothie recipes are just some examples of how you can incorporate natural compounds with potential health benefits into your diet.

Transcript
00:00:01:05 – 00:00:12:18

Ben Moss

Hello, healers. My name is Ben, and this is The Moss Report. I’m here today with my father, author and founder of The Moss Report, Dr. Ralph W. Moss. Good morning, Dad.

00:00:12:21 – 00:00:13:28

Ralph W. Moss PhD

Good morning, Ben.

00:00:14:00 – 00:00:29:24

Ben Moss

So I understand that you have some information to share with us about a very humble food ingredient, plant, parsley. So what can you tell us about parsley? I’m assuming it has something to do with cancer. Am I right?

00:00:29:26 – 00:01:01:16

Ralph W. Moss PhD

That’s a fair assumption, when you’re talking to me. So basically, the chemical in question is apigenin, A-P-I-G-E-N-I-N. It is found in a number of different vegetables such as lettuce. But the main source is is parsley. And in fact, the most concentrated source in the entire vegetable kingdom are parsley flakes, such as you would find in on any almost any spice rack.

00:01:01:19 – 00:01:28:25

Ralph W. Moss PhD

But most people don’t give parsley the respect that it’s due. And a lot of fancy restaurants, at least back in the day, would put a little sprig of parsley on the plate. But then you’d eat the steak and you’d toss the parsley. It was just a decoration. But in fact, parsley is a very, very powerful food and really contains this important and emerging anti-cancer element, apigenin.

00:01:28:25 – 00:02:02:07

Ben Moss

So, when I think of dried parsley, I think of a jar that I have kept in my spice rack for I don’t know how many years that it’s been sitting there. That would be the last thing that I would think would have any nutritional value. It’s just dried out. It’s old. I’m I guess the first question I have is wouldn’t that dried parsley lose its qualities, its healthfulness from just the result of aging and being in the cupboard for so long?

00:02:02:09 – 00:02:31:23

Ralph W. Moss PhD

I think it does slowly over time. I just bought some new a new bottle of two ounces of dried parsley and it’s not expensive, you know, it’s it’s really just a very few few bucks. But the color of it is quite different from the color of the stuff that I’ve been using for, for years. You can’t, you know, you just can’t use it up.

00:02:31:23 – 00:02:51:20

Ralph W. Moss PhD

I mean, if you buy in the two ounce amount. So I’m throwing out the old one. I only got to about I got to about two thirds of the way down in it. And it it I would just guess that the color is the best indication you have of the freshness and therefore the amount of apigenin in it.

00:02:51:22 – 00:03:01:11

Ralph W. Moss PhD

If you really want to get the apigenin, you should do have both the dried and the fresh parsley, if you can get organic, so much the better.

00:03:01:13 – 00:03:17:03

Ben Moss

Now there are different varieties. There’s the flat leaf parsley. I guess that’s the Italian parsley. And then there’s the curly parsley, which is the garnish. Are they roughly the same in terms of their apigenin content?

00:03:17:05 – 00:03:33:25

Ralph W. Moss PhD

The roughly I think it’s just a matter of taste which one you would get. We, we prefer the the flat leaf Italian kind. I think it’s easier to cook with and maybe it tastes a tad better. Both of them are going to be fantastic sources of apigenin.

00:03:33:27 – 00:03:53:17

Ben Moss

And so the question that we generally get from our audience is how much should I take? And usually there’s two questions. One is if someone’s taking it for prevention and the other is if you’re actively battling a diagnosis.

00:03:53:20 – 00:04:27:06

Ralph W. Moss PhD

And we do have an answer for that. And the answer comes from a clinical trial that we’ll talk about in the clinical trial. But the people were getting ten milligrams of pure apigenin. And if you translate that amount of apigenin into doses of parsley, the amount of chopped fresh parsley would be about one tablespoon twice per day, or it would be one teaspoon of the dried parsley flakes and twice per day.

00:04:27:13 – 00:04:34:25

Ralph W. Moss PhD

And that would provide the amount of apigenin and that was given in the clinical trial in Germany that we’ll talk about.

00:04:34:28 – 00:04:42:27

Ben Moss

So that seems like it should be fairly easy to incorporate that amount of parsley, or parsley flakes into one’s diet.

00:04:42:29 – 00:05:14:25

Ralph W. Moss PhD

That’s very doable. In the Middle East, people eat tabouli salad and they sometimes consume what we would we in the West would consider large amounts of parsley at one sitting. I can say with firsthand experience that it’s delicious, a delicious dish, and it can even be prepared in a low carbohydrate way. So people in many parts of the world eat a lot more parsley than just one teaspoon or one tablespoon, and it doesn’t seem to have any negative effects.

00:05:14:25 – 00:05:52:08

Ralph W. Moss PhD

It’s a vegetable like any other vegetable. But I’m not aware of studies, you know, showing a dose response curve as it were. The overall picture with where apigenin stands in the scientific literature, has been summarized in 2022 by East Indian scientists and they found 25 studies that were focused on the anti-cancer effects of apigenin in the quote unquote main ingredient in parsley on various cancer types, including liver, prostate, pancreas, lung.

00:05:52:11 – 00:06:12:07

Ralph W. Moss PhD

Almost every kind of cancer has been studied of the apigenin and their conclusion was apigenin reduces tumor volume, tumor weight, tumor number and tumor load, in every, significantly in all of the study scientific studies done.

00:06:12:10 – 00:06:13:16

Ben Moss

Wow.

00:06:13:19 – 00:06:51:25

Ralph W. Moss PhD

And it exerts antitumor effects mainly by inducing apoptosis or programed cell death and or cell cycle arrest, which is sort of how some chemotherapy works. But there’s no known toxicity to the parsley. So their conclusion is our analysis, no surprise suggests that apigenin has potential anti-cancer effects against various cancers, and they have certain, certain reservations about the quality of some of the studies and so forth.

00:06:51:25 – 00:07:24:08

Ralph W. Moss PhD

But they could, of course, call for further research to evaluate the potential of apigenin as an adjuvant for cancer treatment, adjuvant meaning an added element, something that could be added to other, to other treatments. It’s written in a typically scientifically cautious way, but I think it shows an outstanding potential for this humble plant and this humble ingredient to have a major effect in cancer.

00:07:24:10 – 00:07:32:17

Ralph W. Moss PhD

That’s the overall picture of the science. I don’t see any sign of any bias, and I think their their independence can be assumed.

00:07:32:20 – 00:07:35:07

Ben Moss

Nobody’s making any money off of it.

00:07:35:10 – 00:07:38:27

Ralph W. Moss PhD

You can’t really make very much. You won’t make a killing.

00:07:38:27 – 00:07:41:12

Ben Moss

There’s no parsley lobby.

00:07:41:15 – 00:07:47:22

Ralph W. Moss PhD

Big, Big Parsley is not involved in this study.

00:07:47:23 – 00:08:00:00

Ben Moss

When I think about cooking with ingredients like parsley, I worry that when I cook with certain foods, maybe I’m losing the healthfulness.

00:08:00:02 – 00:08:29:22

Ralph W. Moss PhD

Most things, I think, lose potency when you heat them and you do want to get them also in a raw form and like I made a, I made a meal last night. I bought a bunch of parsley in the store and then I took more than a tablespoon. I’d say that each of us, my wife and I got two tablespoons worth and I just chopped it up and sprinkled it on the food that we were eating with olive oil and down it went.

00:08:29:22 – 00:08:51:20

Ralph W. Moss PhD

And it was it was fine. Actually. It’s if you get used to it, it has sort of a little bit of the bitter principle that’s been sort of ruled out of Western cooking, much to our detriment I believe. A lot of healthy things have a bit of bitterness to them. A lot of us are not used to that taste because the food has been sweetened to such a degree.

00:08:51:27 – 00:09:09:20

Ralph W. Moss PhD

So it might take a little adjusting to get used to it, but you work it in to your diet and then it becomes just part of your routine. So I think however you can get it into your system will be good. I’m not sure that ten milligrams of apigenin is the right amount. It may be more than that.

00:09:09:20 – 00:09:17:08

Ralph W. Moss PhD

The reason I picked on the ten milligrams of apigenin is because that’s what was used in the clinical trial.

00:09:17:10 – 00:09:41:09

Ben Moss

I guess the question that I think of when we talk about a substance like parsley is, you know, should someone go on an all parsley diet? I mean, is that going to cure them of their cancer or is it really just one of these things that maybe is better in moderation?

00:09:41:12 – 00:10:07:29

Ralph W. Moss PhD

Most things are better in moderation. And we have no we have no evidence that megadoses of parsley would be would be beneficial. When I visited the Middle East, I had tabouli salads that were quite surprising to me because my idea of tabouli from America was mostly grain, like bulgur wheat with a little bit of parsley added.

00:10:08:03 – 00:10:23:20

Ralph W. Moss PhD

But when I got to the the Middle East, it was a parsley salad with a little bit of grain. And and actually you could, if you wanted to, you could substitute chopped pecans for the grain If you didn’t if you were on no grain or very low carb diet.

00:10:23:20 – 00:10:24:24

Ben Moss

Oh, that sounds good.

00:10:24:26 – 00:10:55:26

Ralph W. Moss PhD

And throw in some put in some extra virgin olive oil. That’s a fantastic choice. And I never have heard or read of any health scares around excess parsley. What we’re talking about is a life style. What we’re advocating is very similar in some respects to the so-called Mediterranean diet, and parsley is certainly a part of that. I’m not saying, though, that one part of that diet is going to substitute for the whole.

00:10:55:29 – 00:11:24:20

Ralph W. Moss PhD

That would be excess expectations I would say. One of the leitmotifs of our series of videos out of my entire 50 year career has been the the gap between what the science shows and what common sense would dictate and what actually gets done in the scientific community. So it’s in a way it’s not surprising that there is only one clinical trial on this.

00:11:24:20 – 00:11:55:16

Ralph W. Moss PhD

In fact, I was overjoyed to find one. I wasn’t expecting to find one because there is this tremendous gap between the the promise of natural agents, food elements, diets, things very low on the profitability scale. And what actually gets done in science, because the cost of doing clinical trials is enormous. And the profit to be derived from natural ways of fighting cancer is relatively small.

00:11:55:23 – 00:12:36:04

Ralph W. Moss PhD

So there’s the so-called Valley of Death, which is the gap that once you’ve proven something has value and promise, if it’s a natural agent, it can’t quite struggle through this desert of non funding that comes after you’ve proven the thing. So this is the the persistent problem within medicine. I would say, you know, trying to function in a world that’s driven by profit and these most promising things, things that most appeal to our viewers, are not really taken to the full limit in terms of exploration.

00:12:36:04 – 00:12:51:03

Ralph W. Moss PhD

It has been calculated by people at Tufts University who study this as their lifetime career, that the present day cost of developing a new drug is over $1 billion.

00:12:51:05 – 00:13:04:29

Ben Moss

So nobody is pumping $1,000,000,000 into the study and approval of a parsley based drug. And why would you even do that? You’re not going to be able to sell it because you can just eat parsley, right? So.

00:13:05:02 – 00:13:05:11

Ralph W. Moss PhD

Right.

00:13:05:12 – 00:13:13:10

Ben Moss

I think that that’s self explanatory as to why those studies don’t happen. But you said you did find a clinical trial. Can you tell us about it?

00:13:13:10 – 00:13:51:11

Ralph W. Moss PhD

I found one. So I’ll and I’ll I’ll walk you through this and of course we’ll link to this. It was published in 2008 in the World Journal of Gastroenterology, the title of the paper is Prospective Cohort Comparison of Flavonoid treatment in patients with Resected Colorectal Cancer to Prevent Recurrence. And the authors were four German doctors and they were at, one of whom, the first author is Harold Hoensch who has since retired.

00:13:51:11 – 00:14:22:13

Ralph W. Moss PhD

I’ve looked him up and he was a an internist in a hospital in Germany. Then there was somebody from the Cancer Research Center in Heidelberg, which is considered sort of the the National Cancer Institute of Germany. And there was a clinical pharmacologist, but we even know who the reviewer peer reviewer of the article was. It was Walter Longo, Professor, probably chairman of the Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine.

00:14:22:15 – 00:14:55:09

Ralph W. Moss PhD

So the there were 87 patients in total, and 36 of them had resected colon cancer and had been successfully operated upon and 51 patients had polyp removal. And these were then divided into two groups. So one group were treated with the mixture of apigenin and egcg from green tea, and they were compared with a matched control group of 56 patients.

00:14:55:12 – 00:15:30:21

Ralph W. Moss PhD

And then they were observed for 3 to 4 years by colonoscopies or physical inspection of the colon and by questionnaires. Of 87 patients enrolled in the study, 36 had resected colon cancer. 29 of these patients had colonoscopies among the supplement treated patients who had resected colon cancer, of whom there were 14. There were no cancer recurrences, and one benign growth called an adenoma developed.

00:15:30:23 – 00:16:09:28

Ralph W. Moss PhD

In contrast, the cancer recurrence rate of the 15 matched untreated controls was 20%. Three of the 15 and adenomas or benign tumors evolved in four, 27%. So the combined recurrence rate for neoplasia, meaning new growths, cancer plus benign growths, was 7% or one out of 14 in the supplement treated patients and 47%, seven of 15, in the control group.

00:16:10:00 – 00:16:52:09

Ralph W. Moss PhD

And and so it went from you know, there was a 40% greater chance the incidence of of unwanted new growths cancerous or non-cancerous in the group that didn’t get the supplement versus those who got the supplement. But it almost obliterated the odds of there being a recurrence of of colon cancer in this particular group. So the very cautious conclusion is sustained long term treatment with a flavonoid mixture could reduce the recurrence rate of colon neoplasia or new growths in patients with resected colon cancer.

00:16:52:12 – 00:16:54:12

Ralph W. Moss PhD

The results here speak for themselves.

00:16:54:19 – 00:17:05:26

Ben Moss

Would we have confidence in saying that this is likely to have similar effects in other things, or is it more or less digestive tract cancer sort of related?

00:17:06:02 – 00:17:38:19

Ralph W. Moss PhD

I have confidence that it would apply to many kinds of cancer because the mechanism of action is best, as we understand it, is common to many kinds of cancer. You know, there are at least ten characteristics of cancers in general. These are discussed in the very famous paper by Hanahan and Weinberg on the nature of cancer and and the apigenin addresses some of these like the programed cell death and the cell cycle arrest.

00:17:38:19 – 00:18:11:27

Ralph W. Moss PhD

These are not characteristics per say of colon cancer. So I have confidence that it would also be effective in other cancers. But I don’t know that for a fact because this is the only clinical trial I could find. And there aren’t many, if any, clinical trials currently underway on apigenin and cancer. If you look in clinicaltrials.gov, which is the world’s largest repository of data on what’s going on, but these results, although they’re highly encouraging, they don’t surprise me.

00:18:11:29 – 00:18:42:27

Ralph W. Moss PhD

This is sort of what I would expect to see, even though there are apigenin supplements out there on the market. In the real world, you want to increase your intake of foods that contain apigenin, but also other things like they gave it with the green tea. But the amount of egcg was minuscule. We have to we have to accept the fact that we don’t have the data that we would like to have always.

00:18:43:00 – 00:19:06:29

Ralph W. Moss PhD

That’s the reality. And we have to make a decision as individuals. You and I and everybody watching this video and the scientific community, there has to be a decision made because if you have cancer or like me, if you’re trying to ward off a recurrence of the cancer, you have a choice. Do I include this in my diet?

00:19:06:29 – 00:19:31:28

Ralph W. Moss PhD

Do I, am I convinced by this data? Now I chose those two studies to talk about for the video, but if you put in the words apigenin and then cancer into PubMed, which is this enormous repository of 35 million journal articles run by the U.S. government National Library of Medicine, you come up with 1331 results.

00:19:32:02 – 00:19:33:23

Ben Moss

Oh, really?

00:19:33:25 – 00:20:04:11

Ralph W. Moss PhD

And that’s what you know that what the computer at at the National Library of Medicine finds if you cross reference the words apigenin and cancer, if I just do the word apigenin, there are 6242 papers out there mentioning apigenin, I just want to narrow that down to apigenin and cancer, and I have my 1331 and none of these appeared, virtually none, maybe one, before the 1990s.

00:20:04:13 – 00:20:48:07

Ralph W. Moss PhD

And then it starts to excite interest and then basically 2017, there were 105 such papers and then 2021 and 2022 well over 100. And I’ll just quickly read you the titles of some recent ones. Apigenin in Cancer Therapy, from Mechanism of Action to Nano Therapeutic Agent, that’s coming out of China, The Therapeutic Potential of Apigenin, which is another review article coming with a lot of authors coming mostly out of Iran and Italy and so on and so forth.

00:20:48:07 – 00:21:14:14

Ralph W. Moss PhD

I’m not going to read you 1300 titles, but they’re there, so it isn’t, Rationalizing the Therapeutic Potential of Apigenin Against Cancer. Apigenin Cancer Therapy, Apigenin as an Anti-cancer Agent, Anti-cancer Potential of Apigenin and via Immuno Regulation. So there is a, I would say pretty enormous community of people around the world who are interested in this.

00:21:14:19 – 00:21:40:13

Ralph W. Moss PhD

But if you go, now if you, and you can do this easily in PubMed. Now let’s specify a randomized controlled trials and you come up with two results and neither of them is really to the point. Two randomized control trials out of, out of 1331 papers, most of which are highly, highly positive. That’s the Valley of Death.

00:21:40:13 – 00:21:45:20

Ralph W. Moss PhD

That’s what you’re seeing there, the death of promising natural treatments.

00:21:45:23 – 00:22:22:04

Ben Moss

Well, it doesn’t sound like death to me. And it sounds like there’s a lot of interest and people are going about it in the ways that they can study it without having to spend $1,000,000,000. Well, I think that sounds all very encouraging and it doesn’t sound to me as though there’s any real downside to adding parsley into one’s diet. In other of these natural products that we’ve discussed, there have been adjuvants, in other words, other natural agents that when combined with something enhance, create a synergy.

00:22:22:06 – 00:22:28:11

Ben Moss

And do you know of anything that is an adjuvant for parsley?

00:22:28:15 – 00:23:04:07

Ralph W. Moss PhD

Other things that work somewhat similarly to that, like tofu, like broccoli, like turmeric, and certainly green tea and olive oil. I see no reason not to. My my gut instinct is that these would synergize well, because there’s always a little bit of difference in how these things work. If I were to be using this and the way that it was used in the German clinical trial, I certainly would be taking green tea in some form during the day.

00:23:04:09 – 00:23:12:15

Ben Moss

Now, you mentioned the term flavonoid. Is apigenin a flavonoid?

00:23:12:17 – 00:23:43:09

Ralph W. Moss PhD

Yes, a flavonoid is a product extracted from plants and they’re found in several different parts of the plants. They’re they’re used by the vegetables for their growth and for defense from from injury. These are commonly consumed in the human diet. Actually, the existence of the flavonoids was first discovered by my mentor. You know who that was?

00:23:43:09 – 00:23:50:02

Ben Moss

I do. Albert Szent-Gyorgyi. Correct. Nobel Prize winner, discoverer of vitamin C.

00:23:50:04 – 00:24:21:11

Ralph W. Moss PhD

Correct. Szent-Gyorgyi and his coworkers discovered that vitamin C taken alone was not as effective at preventing scurvy as a crude yellow extract from oranges, lemons or paprika. You remember? He was working in Sigurd, Hungary, which is a center for paprika production. So he discovered vitamin C actually in Paprika and the increased activity of the extract.

00:24:21:13 – 00:24:52:29

Ralph W. Moss PhD

They called that vitamin P, but it wasn’t a vitamin per se. It was something also present that had a beneficial effect. It didn’t fulfill all the criteria of a vitamin. So that name was dropped. But they’re now called flavonoids. So they’re a class of plant compounds found in a wide variety of foods, including grapefruits and tea, for instance, tarragon.

00:24:53:02 – 00:24:55:15

Ralph W. Moss PhD

And they fulfill many different functions.

00:24:55:17 – 00:25:16:02

Ben Moss

If parsley contains flavonoids and flavonoids are known to have health value, are there other studies specifically around flavonoids and cancer that we could be and should be looking at?

00:25:16:04 – 00:25:55:13

Ralph W. Moss PhD

Sure. I mean, they are. Yeah, these are widely studied because. But you’d find them under studies of parsley, onions, blueberries, black tea, green tea. You find them all, you know, all throughout the scientific literature. I don’t know how many, but there’s many thousands of studies basically. It’s just a general principle within the scientific study of these wonderful and promising food elements is that we can demonstrate that populations that eat a lot of the foods in question have lower rates of cancer.

00:25:55:20 – 00:26:24:13

Ralph W. Moss PhD

But when you try to reduce that down to one element or two elements, you don’t get the same degree of anti-cancer activity as you do when you use the whole food. Supplements have their place. But I would just say as a general rule, when you’re talking about how do I prevent cancer from recurring or how do I prevent it in the first place, the diet should be the basis of your approach of your home approach.

00:26:24:16 – 00:26:27:12

Ralph W. Moss PhD

The supplements only come in secondarily.

00:26:27:15 – 00:26:59:24

Ben Moss

Well, thanks for that summary of the value of apigenin and parsley, and I think it’s fair to say that it’s a in a way sort of an easy add into one’s anti-cancer approach to their own diet and to health in general. Well, for now, for The Moss Report, I’m Ben Moss. How are you healing today?

00:26:59:26 – 00:27:10:20

Ben Moss

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